Resumen La telemetría, para el cálculo de ámbitos de hogar, proporciona una visión significativa del uso del espacio de las especies, como el entendimiento de patrones y componentes importantes del hábitat. El presente estudio determinó el tamaño del ámbito de hogar de Myotis atacamensis y Amorphochilus schnablii en los valles costeros de Arequipa para la generación de planes eficientes de manejo y conservación de estos murciélagos. Ambas especies están bajo alguna categoría de conservación (M. atacamensis, en peligro; A. schnablii, vulnerable), por la pérdida de extensión y calidad del hábitat en su área de distribución, además del limitado conocimiento de las mismas. En 2019 se instalaron transmisores de radio VHF Holohil LB-2X a 12 individuos, obteniendo las ubicaciones de los murciélagos mediante el método de “homing”. El tamaño del ámbito de hogar (AH) fue estimado con los métodos: polígono mínimo convexo y función de kernel bivariado. El tamaño de AH para M. atacamensis fue de 2.1 ± 1.6 ha sobre áreas de cultivo y para A. shnablii fue de 24.2 ± 27.1 ha sobre zonas áridas y cultivos. Los resultados sugieren que el uso de espacios de M. atacamensis y A. schnablii están orientados principalmente a la disponibilidad de alimento, registrándose mayor importancia de las áreas de cultivo en los ámbitos de hogar.

Abstract Telemetry for calculating home ranges provides meaningful insight into the space use of species, such as understanding important habitat components and patterns. The present study sought to determine the size of the home range of Myotis atacamensis and Amorphochilus schnablii in coastal valleys of Arequipa for the generation of efficient management and conservation plans. Both species are under some category of conservation (M. atacamensis, Endangered; A. schnablii, Vulnerable), due to loss of extension and quality of habitat in their distribution area, in addition to the limited knowledge of them. In 2019, Holohil LB-2X VHF radio transmitters were installed on 12 individuals, obtaining bat’s positions using the homing-in-the-animal method. The size of the home range (HR) was estimated with the methods: convex minimum polygon and bivariate kernel function. The HR size for M. atacamensis was 2.1 ± 1.6 ha on cultivated areas, and for A. shnablii it was 24.2 ± 27.1 ha on arid zones and cultivated areas. The results suggest that the use of spaces of M. atacamensis and A. schnablii are mainly oriented to the availability of food, registering greater importance of the cultivation areas in the home range.

OBJECTIVE: To raise awareness of the impact of homicides in Puerto Rico based on the findings of the spatial and temporal distribution of homicides and the use of firearms, by age and gender, using reports of interpersonal violent deaths from the Institute of Forensic Science (IFS) headquartered in San Juan, Puerto Rico. METHODS: This was a descriptive study of all homicide incidents in Puerto Rico reported by the IFS for the period 2001-2010. For each of the 8 542 cases, data analyzed included age, sex, municipality of incident, date of death, and mechanism. Crude sex- and age-specific mortality rates for Puerto Rico and for each municipality per year and for the 10-year period were calculated. Cumulative rate and cumulative risks were estimated and defined as lifetime risk. The relative distribution of cumulative rates for each municipality was categorized into quartiles of highest to lowest risk and displayed as a map. RESULTS: The risk of homicide death among males is 13 times greater than among females. The highest rates were observed among males 20-24 years of age (198.4 homicides per 100 000). In any given year, firearms were used in at least 80% of homicides. The average lifetime risk of homicide death for males is 1 in 34. CONCLUSIONS: Young adult males with access to firearms are at greatest risk of homicide in Puerto Rico. Also, highly urbanized municipalities are at highest risk; however, certain non-urban municipalities along the coast also have a very high homicide risk. Top priorities should be applying the WHO "ecological model" for violent injury prevention and establishing a surveillance system that will assist in identifying the role that socioeconomics, illegal firearms trade, and drug trafficking are playing.

OBJETIVO: Concientizar sobre la repercusión de los homicidios en Puerto Rico con base en los resultados de la distribución espacial y temporal de los homicidios y el uso de las armas de fuego, según la edad y el sexo, a partir de los informes del Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (ICF), con sede en San Juan, Puerto Rico, sobre defunciones por violencia interpersonal. MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo de todos los incidentes de homicidio ocurridos en Puerto Rico informados por el ICF durante el período del 2001 al 2010. La edad, el sexo, el municipio del incidente, la fecha de muerte y el mecanismo fueron los datos analizados en cada uno de los 8 542 casos. Se calcularon las tasas brutas de mortalidad específicas de cada sexo y edad en Puerto Rico y en cada municipio, por año y durante el período de 10 años. Se calcularon también las tasas y los riesgos acumulados y se definieron como riesgo durante toda la vida. La distribución relativa de las tasas acumuladas para cada municipio se clasificó en cuartiles, del riesgo más alto al más bajo, y se ilustró en un mapa. RESULTADOS: El riesgo de muerte por homicidio en varones es 13 veces mayor que en mujeres. Las tasas más elevadas se observaron en hombres de 20 a 24 años de edad (198,4 homicidios por 100 000). Cualquiera que fuera el año escogido, en al menos 80% de los homicidios se utilizaron armas de fuego. En varones, el riesgo promedio de morir por homicidio durante toda la vida es de 1/34. CONCLUSIONES: Los jóvenes varones adultos con acceso a las armas de fuego están sometidos a un mayor riesgo de homicidio en Puerto Rico. Además, en los municipios muy urbanizados el riesgo es más alto; sin embargo, en ciertos municipios no urbanos de la costa también hay un riesgo de homicidio muy alto. Las máximas prioridades deben ser aplicar el "modelo ecológico" de la OMS para prevenir las lesiones violentas y establecer un sistema de vigilancia que ayude a determinar la función que desempeñan las condiciones socioeconómicas, el comercio ilegal de armas de fuego y el tráfico de drogas.

Lactobacillus reuteri LPB P01-001 was isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of wild swine and was characterised by biochemical testing and sequencing of gene 16S rRNA. A simple and low-cost culture medium based on cane sugar (2.5% p/v) and yeast extract (1% p/v) was used in the production of this probiotic. The fermentative conditions were a) pH control at 6.5 and b) no pH control; both were set at 37°C in a 12 L slightly stirred tank bioreactor. Fermentation parameters such as the specific growth rate, productivity and yield of biomass, lactic and acetic acid levels were determined. L. reuteri LPB P01-001 behaves as an aciduric bacteria because it grows better in a low pH medium without pH control. However, the lactic acid production yield was practically half (9.22 g.L-1) of that obtained under a constant pH of 6.5, which reached 30.5 g.L-1 after 28 hours of fermentation. The acetic acid production was also higher under pH-controlled fermentation, reaching 10.09 g.L-1 after 28 hours of fermentation. These parameters may raise the interest of those committed to the efficient production of a probiotic agent for swine.

Objectives: Many studies have investigated the association between obesity, adipose tissue-derived factors (leptin and adiponectin) and prostate cancer (CaP) but the results are still inconsistent. Methods: The aim of this study was to carry out a comprehensive review of the existing evidence about the role of leptin and adiponectin in prostate carcinogenesis and to provide an overview of it. Results: Recent evidence suggests that leptin may play a rol in prostate cancer progression, while adiponectin may act as an "anti- prostatic cancer" adipokine. Conclusions: Obesity may promote the progression of established prostate cancer and and adipokines may provide a molecular mechanism whereby obesity exerts its effects on prostate tumour biology.

Objetivo: Numerosos estudios han investigado la asociación entre la obesidad, las sustancias secretadas por el tejido adiposo (leptina y adiponectina) y el cáncer de próstata (CaP), aunque los resultados no han sido concluyentes. El objetivo del presente trabajo es realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre el rol de la leptina y la adiponectina en el desarrollo del CaP. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica y lectura compresiva de artículos relacionados con "leptina", "adiponectina", "obesidad" y "cáncer de próstata" en Pubmed y revistas científicas; y se efectuó una breve descripción sobre el tema. Resultados: Estudios recientes indican que el tejido adiposo y las diferentes sustancias que éste secreta, denominadas adipoquinas, podrían promover o prevenir el desarrollo del CaP. La leptina tendría un efecto promotor del tumor; mientras que la adiponectina tendría un efecto protector. Conclusión: La obesidad podría influenciar la carcinogénesis prostática mediante un mecanismo molecular en el que participarían las adipoquinas.

O objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar a qualidade fermentativa de silagens de sorgo de portes baixo, médio e alto, com diferentes combinações de colmo+folhas/panícula (100:00, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80 e 00:100), por meio de análises laboratoriais. A planta inteira foi utilizada como controle. Os híbridos foram cultivados e ensilados aos 104 dias de idade em silos de laboratório de PVC, com 10 cm de diâmetro e 40 cm de comprimento (três repetições por tratamento). Os silos foram abertos aos 56 dias após a ensilagem. Os teores de matéria seca (MS), carboidratos solúveis, nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3) e pH foram determinados. As diferenças foram verificadas por intermédio do teste SNK. Os valores de pH das silagens foram, em média, 3,79 e os teores de N-NH3/nitrogênio total foram inferiores a 8% em todos os tratamentos. Os teores de MS das silagens variaram de 19,40 a 49,40 %, mas todos os tratamentos conservaram-se bem de acordo com pH e N-NH3. As densidades dos silos foram maiores com o aumento da participação da panícula. Os valores de carboidratos solúveis do material original foram baixos para a maioria dos tratamentos, porém isto não prejudicou a fermentação da massa ensilada.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the fermentative quality of sorghum silage of small, medium and high size with different stem+leafs/head proportions (100:00, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80, 00:100), by means of lab analysis. The whole plant was used as control. The hybrids were cultivated and ensiled at 104 days of age in PVC lab silos measuring 10-cm of diameter by 40-cm of length (three replications per treatment). Silos were opened 56 days after the ensilage. The contents of dry matter (DM), soluble carbohydrates, ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3) and pH were determined. Differences were compared using SNK statistical test. Average silage pH value was 3.79 and N-NH3/total nitrogen values were lower than 8% for all treatments. Silage's DM values varied from 19.40 to 49.40%, but all treatments were well conserved considering pH and N-NH3. Silos densities were greater with the increase of head proportion. Original material soluble carbohydrate values were low for the majority of the treatments, but this did not prejudice the fermentation of the ensiled mass.

O objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar a qualidade nutricional de silagens de sorgo de portes alto, médio e baixo, com diferentes combinações de colmo+folhas/panícula (100:00, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80 e 00:100), por meio de análises laboratoriais. A planta inteira foi utilizada como controle. Os híbridos foram cultivados e ensilados aos 104 dias de idade em silos de laboratório de PVC, com 10 cm de diâmetro e 40 cm de comprimento (três repetições por tratamento). Os silos foram abertos aos 56 dias após a ensilagem. Os teores de proteína bruta e a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca, dos fenóis totais e dos constituintes da parede celular pelo método seqüencial foram determinados. As diferenças foram verificadas por intermédio do teste SNK para fenóis totais, sendo realizada análise de regressão para os demais resultados. Os valores de carboidratos solúveis do material original foram baixos para a maioria dos tratamentos, porém isto não prejudicou a fermentação, pois houve utilização de carboidratos adicionais, como hemicelulose e celulose, durante a ensilagem, sendo a queda destes maior na panícula e em colmo+folhas, respectivamente. Os valores de fenóis totais aumentaram com a ensilagem, apesar de não ter ocorrido redução concomitante na DIVMS. A inclusão de panícula na planta reduziu os teores dos constituintes da parede celular e aumentou os valores de DIVM, indicando que uma planta de sorgo para produzir silagem de boa qualidade deve ter, no mínimo, 40% de panícula e baixos teores de lignina, fenóis totais e constituintes da fibra.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the fermentative quality of sorghum silage of small, medium and high size with different stem+leafs/head proportions (100:00, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80, 00:100), by means of lab analysis. The whole plant was used as control. The hybrids were cultivated and ensiled at 104 days of age in PVC lab silos measuring 10-cm of diameter by 40-cm of length (three replications per treatment). Silos were opened 56 days after the ensilage. The crude protein (CP) contents and the in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD), total phenols, constituents of cell wall by sequential method. The differences were compared using SNK test for total phenols, being realized regression analysis for the other results. Original material soluble carbohydrates values were low for the majority of the treatments, but this did not prejudice the fermentation, because additional carbohydrates like hemicellulose and cellulose were used during ensilage, being the fall of these high in the heads and stem+leaves, respectively. Total phenol values increased with the ensilage, besides decrease in IVDMD did not occur, concomitantly. The heads addition to the plant reduced cell wall constituents and increased IVDMD values, indicating that, to produce good quality silage, a sorghum plant shall has, at least, 40% of heads and low lignin, tannins and cell wall constituents values.